{"id":1979,"date":"2026-08-11T22:37:42","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T22:37:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commercialrelocationpros.com\/?p=1979"},"modified":"2026-08-11T22:37:42","modified_gmt":"2026-08-11T22:37:42","slug":"what-do-sex-and-gender-even-mean-now","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/commercialrelocationpros.com\/?p=1979","title":{"rendered":"What Do Sex and Gender Even Mean Now?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

In her first argument as a lawyer before the Supreme Court, Ruth Bader Ginsburg famously quoted the abolitionist Sarah Grimk\u00e9, who said, \u201cI ask no favor for my sex. All I ask of our brethren is that they take their feet off our necks.\u201d At some point, however, Ginsburg was encouraged to use an alternative to the term sex<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Read more A Little Bit of Shopping, All the Time<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m typing all these briefs and articles for you and the word sex, sex, sex is on every page,\u201d her secretary at Columbia Law School told her. \u201cDon\u2019t you know that those nine men\u201d\u2014that era\u2019s Supreme Court justices\u2014\u201cthey hear that word, and their first association is not the way you want them to be thinking?\u201d The secretary suggested substituting gender<\/i> to \u201cward off distracting associations.\u201d<\/p>\n

But sex<\/i> and gender<\/i> don\u2019t mean the same thing. The two termshave never been stable. Still, I recall a time when, among educated people, sex<\/i> was typically understood to refer to matters of biology, such as a person\u2019s reproductive organs, and gender<\/i> to refer to matters that are socially constructed, such as the norm of dressing little boys in blue pants and little girls in pink dresses. Today, there seems to be no standard usage. Parents throw gender-reveal parties to disclose the sex<\/i> of their baby. President Trump said in his 2025 inaugural address, \u201cIt will henceforth be the official policy of the United States government that there are only two genders: male and female\u201d\u2014but \u201cmale\u201d and \u201cfemale\u201d are sexes. A statute in California defines sex<\/i> (in part) as follows: \u201c\u2018Sex\u2019 also includes, but is not limited to, a person\u2019s gender. \u2018Gender\u2019 means sex, and includes a person\u2019s gender identity and gender expression.\u201d<\/p>\n

The confusion that results from this lost distinction causes problems in academia\u2013\u2013see the recent kerfuffle in anthropology\u2013\u2013as well as in medicine, law, public policy, and more. People mistake meanings and talk past one another about matters that are fraught even when definitions are clear. How did we get into this semantic mess?<\/p>\n

The concept of a \u201cgender role\u201d was in a 1955 paper by the researcher John Money to signify \u201call those things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman.\u201d He believed that people born with ambiguous or atypical genitals, whom he called \u201chermaphrodites or intersexes,\u201d contributed to \u201cthis new meaning of gender.\u201d Would such individuals operate in society as men or women? He thought that rearing would better predict a person\u2019s \u201cgender role\u201d than biology.<\/p>\n

The term gender identity<\/i>, first defined as \u201cone\u2019s sense of being a member of a particular sex,\u201d dates back to at least the early 1960s. The psychoanalyst Robert Stoller wrote that \u201cgender role is the overt behavior one displays in society, the role which he plays.\u201d By the \u201970s, feminists were the most prominent group to adopt gender<\/i> and related terms, using them to differentiate biological differences between men and women from differences imposed by society. In the 1972 book Sex, Gender, and Society<\/i>, the feminist sociologist Ann Oakley suggested that biology may play little or no role in determining gender identity (that is, one\u2019s sense of being a member of a particular sex). If a biological predisposition to a male or female gender identity exists at all, she wrote, it \u201cmay be decisively and ineradicably overridden by cultural learning.\u201d In the 1990 book Gender Trouble<\/i>, Judith Butler challenged the common assumption that gender mirrors sex and is binary, arguing that \u201ca gender cannot be said to follow from a sex in any one way.\u201d Butler also argued that \u201cperhaps this construct called \u2018sex\u2019 is as culturally constructed as gender,\u201d and the supposed distinction between them \u201cturns out to be no distinction at all.\u201d<\/p>\n

In 1997, the sex researcher Milton Diamond and the psychiatrist Keith Sigmundson reached the conclusion that sex is<\/i> a distinct and important category. The two revisited a case that Money had included in his research. \u201cThe penis of an XY individual was accidentally ablated\u201d\u2014that is to say, severely damaged or removed\u2014\u201cand he was subsequently raised as a female,\u201d the authors recounted. \u201cInitially this individual was described as developing into a normally functioning female.\u201d Money had treated the case as confirmation that nurture reliably overrides nature. But the story later changed: When older, the patient rejected \u201cthis sex of rearing\u201d and \u201cswitched at puberty to living as a male.\u201d This mattered in part because, the authors explained, \u201cthe standard in instances of extensive penile damage to infants is to recommend rearing the male as a female.\u201d They urged doctors to reconsider that practice.<\/p>\n

The importance of sex as a category was further affirmed in 2001 by a group of experts convened by the Institute of Medicine (since renamed the National Academy of Medicine). Recounting several public-health guidelines that excluded women of child-bearing age from clinical trials on the erroneous assumption that they \u201cwill not differ significantly in response to treatment in most situations,\u201d the report noted: \u201cSex, that is, being male or female,\u201d is \u201can important basic human variable that should be considered when designing, analyzing, and reporting findings from studies.\u201d<\/p>\n

Read more Are Men to Blame for the Birth-Rate Collapse?<\/a><\/p>\n

But the importance of sex as a category of study did not guarantee sex<\/i> a stable place in scholarship, as the Harvard evolutionary biologist David Haig showed by documenting a dramatic decline in the term sex<\/i> and a rise in gender<\/i> in the titles of academic articles between 1945 and 2001. At first, feminist scholarship converged on socially constructed gender<\/i> and biologically determined sex<\/i>, Haig wrote, but \u201cthat distinction was difficult to maintain,\u201d because \u201cno term remained to refer to situations in which causation was unknown, disputed, or involved an interaction between biology and culture.\u201d Soon gender<\/i> spread to other disciplines, and eventually gender<\/i> rather than sex<\/i> began to appear even in scholarship on the physiology of animals. \u201cAmong the reasons that working scientists have given me for choosing gender rather than sex in biological contexts,\u201d Haig wrote, \u201care desires to signal sympathy with feminist goals, to use a more academic term, or to avoid the connotation of copulation.\u201d<\/p>\n

By the 2000s, yet another obstacle to mutual understanding arose: What people meant by gender<\/i> was changing, not only in academic discourse, but in popular usage. For many of the early feminists, gender was a cage built by society. Parents gave little girls but not little boys Easy-Bake Ovens, reproducing a gendered expectation that girls would grow up to do the cooking. But as the decades wore on, gender<\/i> came to carry a second meaning, one very different from social norms imposed from the outside. The term now sometimes refers to an internal aspect of a person\u2019s sense of self, or even the essence of who they truly are.<\/p>\n

While some people kept using gender<\/i> as shorthand for something from which they sought liberation\u2013\u2013to weaken gender norms was to fight the patriarchy\u2013\u2013others saw it as an identity, perhaps innate, that individuals discerned and expressed, and that a just society ought to affirm. In 2014, Facebook announced that users would no longer have to identify as male or female\u2013\u2013they could choose among at least 58 \u201cgender\u201d options (including intersex<\/i>, a term that tells us something about a person\u2019s reproductive or sexual anatomy but not about their gender identity).<\/p>\n

That brings us to the present era, when sex<\/i> and gender<\/i> loom larger than ever in political, legal, and cultural debates\u2013\u2013but usage keeps changing faster than the public can keep up, and many semantic choices are made for reasons other than advancing shared understanding. Three examples help illustrate the dysfunction that can result:<\/p>\n

\n
    \n
  1. When Australia asked individuals to note their sex in its 2021 census, the form gave three options: male, female, and nonbinary, \u201cto allow respondents to participate in the Census when the male and female sex categories did not accurately describe their sex,\u201d the Australian Bureau of Statistics explained. Among the 25,422,788 people that the census counted, 43,220 respondents chose nonbinary.\n

    But this \u201cdid not yield meaningful data,\u201d the bureau later acknowledged, because the respondents hadn\u2019t agreed upon a definition of nonbinary<\/i>. Among the small number of respondents who selected nonbinary and explained why, \u201ca very small number\u201d indicated that they were intersex; \u201ca small number\u201d noted their sexual orientation; and three-fifths listed a gender identity. The bureau found the data unusable \u201cto estimate the prevalence of any specific group.\u201d The 2026 census will ask about sex and gender separately.<\/li>\n

  2. A 2024 study from JAMA Ophthalmology reviewed pivotal clinical trials in the field between 1995 and 2022. It sought to determine whether sex<\/i> and gender<\/i> were used correctly (relying on the National Institutes of Health definitions of sex<\/i> as \u201ca biological characteristic, reflected genetically by chromosomes and physiologically by sex hormones, internal reproductive organs, and external genitalia\u201d and gender<\/i> as \u201can aspect of identity that is self-determined and influenced by sociocultural and environmental factors\u201d). The researchers found that in 85 trials, \u201cover three-quarters applied sex and gender terminology incorrectly\u201d and that \u201cno trial reported how sex or gender were collected,\u201d even though \u201csex and gender are gaining increasing recognition as important determinants of disease epidemiology, health outcomes, and health care disparities.\u201d The authors concluded that the \u201cpolicies of biomedical journals on sex and gender are incongruous and uncoordinated\u201d in a way that hurts the field\u2019s mission.<\/li>\n
  3. In a 2023 interview with Time <\/i>magazine, the soccer player Megan Rapinoe objected to barring trans women from playing on the same sports teams as biological females. \u201cI see trans women as real women,\u201d she declared. \u201cWhat you\u2019re saying automatically in the argument\u2014you\u2019re sort of telling on yourself already\u2014is you don\u2019t believe these people are women.\u201d But her formulation elides the fact that women<\/i> is used variably, sometimes to signify sex and sometimes to signify gender.\n

    Many proponents of segregating sports by sex do not reject the gender identity of trans women. For example, in the prominent case of Lia Thomas, a trans woman who, controversially, swam on the women\u2019s team at the University of Pennsylvania, 16 teammates sent a letter to Penn that stated, \u201cWe fully support Lia Thomas in her decision to affirm her gender identity and to transition from a man to a woman. Lia has every right to live her life authentically. However, we also recognize that when it comes to sports competition, that the biology of sex is a separate issue from someone\u2019s gender identity.\u201d Only by distinguishing between sex and gender can we distinguish between two different viewpoints: that sports leagues should reject a trans person\u2019s account of their own gender, or that gender is irrelevant to this debate and sex alone should govern policy around eligibility to play.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

    Different ideological groups will continue deploying language that best suits their ends. But we all ought to value terms that are accurate and aid mutual understanding. Clarity is best advanced by using sex<\/i> to refer to biology\u2013\u2013and, when appropriate, to specify whether the particular trait relevant to a given discussion concerns gametes, chromosomes, hormones, anatomy, or some combination. In contrast, gender<\/i> should be used to refer to matters that are socially constructed\u2013\u2013and concepts such as gender norms<\/i>, gender identity<\/i>, and gender expression<\/i> should be used to distinguish different conceptions of gender from one another. If and when disputes arise about whether we\u2019re referring to sex or gender or a mix, speakers should explain why they chose a given term and what precisely they mean by it.<\/p>\n

    These usage conventions can\u2019t tell us who belongs on what sports team or what is required or forbidden under antidiscrimination law, nor can it settle any number of other debates. But they can help us all better understand and engage in them.<\/p>\n

    Read more Atlantic Trivia: Color Theory<\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    The history of a semantic mess\u2013\u2013and a way out of it<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1978,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1979","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ideas"],"yoast_head":"\nWhat Do Sex and Gender Even Mean Now? - Commercial Relocation Pros<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/commercialrelocationpros.com\/?p=1979\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What Do Sex and Gender Even Mean Now? - Commercial Relocation Pros\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The history of a semantic mess\u2013\u2013and a way out of it\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/commercialrelocationpros.com\/?p=1979\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Commercial Relocation Pros\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-08-11T22:37:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/commercialrelocationpros.com\\\/?p=1979#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/commercialrelocationpros.com\\\/?p=1979\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/commercialrelocationpros.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/3a3374a445f1b5d4852b1d7c15b9fe3a\"},\"headline\":\"What Do Sex and Gender Even Mean Now?\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-11T22:37:42+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/commercialrelocationpros.com\\\/?p=1979\"},\"wordCount\":1990,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/commercialrelocationpros.com\\\/?p=1979#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/commercialrelocationpros.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/8c23192c76db6cbc915697e80ff0ab7b.webp\",\"articleSection\":[\"Ideas\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/commercialrelocationpros.com\\\/?p=1979#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/commercialrelocationpros.com\\\/?p=1979\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/commercialrelocationpros.com\\\/?p=1979\",\"name\":\"What Do Sex and Gender Even Mean Now? 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